Sunday, October 11, 2009

benefits of Mediterranean diet

---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: <mtariqsalman@gmail.com>
Date: 2009/10/6
Subject: Found this info at Drugs.com
To: mtariqsalman@gmail.com


Hi!

Mohd Tariq Salman has sent you this information.

Check out this link for detailed information on Drugs.com:
http://www.drugs.com/news/mediterranean-diet-may-help-prevent-depression-20210.html

Mohd Tariq Salman's comments:
""

The website is http://www.drugs.com/, which has a database of over
24,000 drugs, plus a Drug Interactions checker and a pictorial Pill
Identifier.

--
Dr. Mohd. Tariq Salman, MD
Assistant Professor,
Department of Pharmacology,
Era's Lucknow Medical College,
Sarfarazganj, Hardoi Road,
Lucknow.
http://medicalresearch.blogspot.com
http://sites.google.com/site/homepagepharmacology/

Fwd: muslim population in world



---------- Forwarded message ----------
From: Mohammad Kaifi <mkaifi@gmail.com>
Date: 2009/10/9
Subject: muslim population in world
To: aiman.jnmc@gmail.com, ale.imran23@gmail.com, azam.jnmc@gmail.com, gousewiz902@gmail.com, imteyaz@gmail.com, intekhabamin@gmail.com, irshad.iitm@gmail.com, kafeelbbs@gmail.com, kafilbbs@gmail.com, kaifi@smail.iitm.ac.in, kareemkhan05@gmail.com, mohd_moazzam@yahoo.com, mubarak.ali@gmail.com, mushir.cse@gmail.com, shabbir.azam@gmail.com, suhailsecret@gmail.com, waseem.akram06@gmail.com, abdullah abubaker <abdullahmath@gmail.com>, abdur rauf <abdulamu@gmail.com>, Adil Sarwar <adilsarwar123@gmail.com>, ahmad najmi <najmi.alig@gmail.com>, Ahmed Riyaz <riyazamu@zhcet.com>, arshad iitkgp <arshadamualam@gmail.com>, asim orrisa <asimamu@gmail.com>, ehtasham haque <ehtasham47@gmail.com>, ehtesham bhai bhel <md.ehtasham@gmail.com>, Ibrahim Adeyanju <adepojuib@googlemail.com>, imdadullah ------------- <imdadamu@yahoo.com>, Irfan barc <irfanalimj@gmail.com>, "M. Tariq Salman" <mtariqsalman@gmail.com>, MOHAMMAD ARIF <arif1123@gmail.com>, mudassir iitm kashmiri <mudasir11@gmail.com>, Musheer Ahmad <musheer.cse@gmail.com>, rehan sadique <rehan.sadique@gmail.com>, saifullah payami <saif.payami@gmail.com>, shabbir <shabbir@uisinfotech.com>, umar faruq nus <umarfarook12@gmail.com>, yasir alvi <yasiraliamu@gmail.com>, yasir computer <yasirkhan011@gmail.com>, yasir lahori <yasirkhan001@googlemail.com>




--
assalamualaikum
kaifi

Mapping the Global Muslim Population

A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population

October 2009

Executive Summary

World map thumbnail

A comprehensive demographic study of more than 200 countries finds that there are 1.57 billion Muslims of all ages living in the world today, representing 23% of an estimated 2009 world population of 6.8 billion.

While Muslims are found on all five inhabited continents, more than 60% of the global Muslim population is in Asia and about 20% is in the Middle East and North Africa. However, the Middle East-North Africa region has the highest percentage of Muslim-majority countries. Indeed, more than half of the 20 countries and territories1 in that region have populations that are approximately 95% Muslim or greater.

More than 300 million Muslims, or one-fifth of the world's Muslim population, live in countries where Islam is not the majority religion. These minority Muslim populations are often quite large. India, for example, has the third-largest population of Muslims worldwide. China has more Muslims than Syria, while Russia is home to more Muslims than Jordan and Libya combined.

Of the total Muslim population, 10-13% are Shia Muslims and 87-90% are Sunni Muslims. Most Shias (between 68% and 80%) live in just four countries: Iran, Pakistan, India and Iraq.

These are some of the key findings of Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population, a new study by the Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion & Public Life. The report offers the most up-to-date and fully sourced estimates of the size and distribution of the worldwide Muslim population, including sectarian identity.

Weighted world map thumbnail

Previously published estimates of the size of the global Muslim population have ranged widely, from 1 billion to 1.8 billion.2 But these commonly quoted estimates often have appeared without citations to specific sources or explanations of how the figures were generated.

The Pew Forum report is based on the best available data for 232 countries and territories. Pew Forum researchers, in consultation with nearly 50 demographers and social scientists at universities and research centers around the world, acquired and analyzed about 1,500 sources, including census reports, demographic studies and general population surveys, to arrive at these figures - the largest project of its kind to date. (See Methodology for more detail.)

The Pew Forum's estimate of the Shia population (10-13%) is in keeping with previous estimates, which generally have been in the range of 10-15%. Some previous estimates, however, have placed the number of Shias at nearly 20% of the world's Muslim population.3 Readers should bear in mind that the figures given in this report for the Sunni and Shia populations are less precise than the figures for the overall Muslim population. Data on sectarian affiliation have been infrequently collected or, in many countries, not collected at all. Therefore, the Sunni and Shia numbers reported here are expressed as broad ranges and should be treated as approximate.

These findings on the world Muslim population lay the foundation for a forthcoming study by the Pew Forum, scheduled to be released in 2010, that will estimate growth rates among Muslim populations worldwide and project Muslim populations into the future. The Pew Forum plans to launch a similar study of global Christianity in 2010 as well. The Pew Forum also plans to conduct in-depth public opinion surveys on the intersection of religion and public life around the world, starting with a 19-country survey of sub-Saharan Africa scheduled to be released later this year. These forthcoming studies are part of a larger effort - the Global Religious Futures Project, jointly funded by The Pew Charitable Trusts and the John Templeton Foundation - that aims to increase people's understanding of religion around the world.

Download the full report PDF (62 pages, 10MB)


Footnotes

1 For a definition of "territories," see the methodology.

2 See, for example, CIA World Factbook; Foreign Policy magazine, May 2007; Who Speaks for Islam: What a Billion Muslims Really Think, 2008; Adherents.com; and IslamicPopulation.com.

3 See, for example, IslamicWeb.com; "Shia Muslims in the Middle East," Council on Foreign Relations, June 2006; and "The Revival of Shia Islam," Vali Nasr speaking at a Pew Forum event, July 2006.

In this report
  1. Executive Summary
    1. Map: Distribution of Muslim Population by Country and Territory
    2. Map: World Distribution of Muslim Population
    3. Asia Predominates
    4. Living as Majorities and Minorities
    5. Sunni and Shia Populations
      1. Quick Definition: Sunnis and Shias
      2. Map: More Than a Third of the World's Shia Muslims Live in Iran
  2. Asia-Pacific Overview
    1. Map: Distribution of Muslim Population in Asia-Pacific
  3. Middle East-North Africa Overview
    1. Map: Distribution of Muslim Population in Middle East-North Africa
  4. Sub-Saharan Africa Overview
    1. Map: Distribution of Muslim Population in Sub-Saharan Africa
  5. Europe Overview
    1. Map: Distribution of Muslim Population in Europe
  6. Americas Overview
    1. Map: Distribution of Muslim Population in the Americas
  7. Interactive Data Table: World Muslim Population by Region
  8. Interactive Data Table: World Muslim Population by Country
  9. Methodology for Muslim Population Estimates
  10. Methodology for Sunni-Shia Estimates
  11. Data Sources by Country
  12. About this Report
 
 



url:
http://sites.google.com/site/kaifistuff/



--
Dr. Mohd. Tariq Salman, MD
Assistant Professor,
Department of Pharmacology,
Era's Lucknow Medical College,
Sarfarazganj, Hardoi Road,
Lucknow.
http://medicalresearch.blogspot.com
http://sites.google.com/site/homepagepharmacology/

Wednesday, September 16, 2009

Meanings of Mosque, Mecca an Mohd

B i s m i l l a a h i r R a h m a a n i r R a h e e m




Assalaamu `Alaykum wa Rahmatullaahi wa Barakaatuhu



Dear Brothers and Sisters in Islam,



I pray you are all well by the grace of Allaah Subhaanahu wa Ta`aala.



This invented "Mosque=Mosquito / Mecca=Whisky House / Mohd=A dog which has a

big mouth" email message has been in circulation for the past 8-9 years,

posted mostly by well-meaning but uninformed Muslims.



Quote: <<< FOR MUSLIM BROTHERS & SISTERS



CORRECTION



Assalamu Alaikum, Its been observed that most of us write "MOSQUE" for "Masjid"

and even calling it as Mosque in daily routine, what elders and teachers say

that the word "MOSQUE" means the house of mosquitoes not Masjid. So better be

careful next time instead of writing mosque, u can write MASJID it doesn't

matter. Most we have seen the spelling of MAKKAH as MECCA. the word MECCA means

"Sharab Khaana/(whisky house). So let all of us careful of writing MECCA. Many

people, whose names start with MUHAMMAD, write in a short form as "Mohd". This

"Mohd" means "A dog which has a big mouth". Guys please forward this message to

Muslim brothers & Sisters as possible. Thanks, Best Regards, Saifee Surka >>>

Unquote.

__________________________________



Here are some specifics vis-a-vis the above claims:



1. Quote: <<< "Its been observed that most of us write "MOSQUE" for "Masjid"

and even calling it as Mosque in daily routine, what elders and teachers say

that the word "MOSQUE" means the house of mosquitoes not Masjid, - unquote. >>>



The word Mosque from the French means mosquee - from old French mousquaie, from

old Italian moschea or moscheta, from old Spanish mezquita, from Arabic masjid,

has nothing whatsoever to do with the origin of Mosquito (Spanish and

Portuguese diminutive of mosca, and Latin musca, meaning fly - as in the

insect. A more interesting derivative of the same root is 'musket', the weapons

from which ammo flies out! In fact the 'shot' emanating from the musket shares

more characteristics with the insect: it flies, buzzes, and stings!).

Incidentally, Mosquito is also the name of an American Indian tribe.



Please read the following information answered by the Scientific Research

Committee - IslamToday.net

http://www.islamtoday.com/fat_archives/show_detail...cfm?q_id=676&main_cat_id=20



Etymology of the English word 'mosque'



Question: There is a book written by a Muslim revert, Yahiya Emerick entitled

"The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Understanding Islam." The author discusses

within it many things, including the etymology of the word “mosque”. He wrote

that this word is derived from the Spanish word for "mosquito". He claimed that

the word was first used during the Christian invasion of Muslim Spain in the

15th century when the forces of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella boasted they

would swat out Muslim prayer houses like so many mosquitoes. Is this true?



Answer:



This etymology is incorrect.



The Spanish word for "mosquito" is mosquito and literally means "little fly".

This is a case where the English language borrowed the word directly from the

Spanish.



The word for "fly" in Spanish is mosca, which is derived from the Latin musca.

The diminutive suffix "-ito" is attached to it to form the word mosquito or

"little fly".



The Spanish term for "mosque" is mezquita, derived from the old Spanish

mesquita. This word was most certainly derived from the Arabic word masjid,

which many Arabs then and now pronounce as masgid.



In Spain during the era of Muslim rule - and this was before the time of King

Ferdinand - Spanish speakers were using the word mosquito for the insect and

the word mesquita for the Muslim place of worship. The two words are not

related to one another in any way.



The word "mosque" was introduced into the English language in the late 14th or

early 15th century from the French. It comes from the French word mosque, from

the old French word mousquaie. The French, in turn, derived the word from the

Italian word moschea from moscheta. The Italians got it either directly from

the Arabic word masjid or from the old Spanish mesquita. - Unquote.



________________________________________



References:



1. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition; ©

2000 Houghton Mifflin Company.

2. Online Etymology Dictionary, ETYMOLOGY Moo-Muc http://www.etymonline.com

mosque c.1400, moseak, probably from M.Fr. mosquée, from It. moschea, from

Sp. mesquita (modern mezquita), from Arabic masjid "temple,

place of worship," from sajada "he worshipped" + prefix ma- denoting

"place." In M.E. as muskey, moseache, etc.

http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Mosque&searchmode=phrase

mosquito c.1583, from Sp. mosquito "little gnat," dim. of mosca "fly," from

L. musca "fly," from PIE base *mu-, perhaps imitative of the sound

of humming insects. Colloquial form skeeter is attested from 1839.

http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=Mosquito&searchmode=phrase



___________________________



Here are two more links which refute the myth that the word mosque originated

from mosquito.



http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/defaul..._9-2-2003_pg3_7

http://www.takeourword.com/TOW175/page2.html

________________________________________



2. Quote: <<< " .... Mecca means "Sharab Khaana/(whisky house)" - unquote. >>>



The spelling of the name "Mecca", for most anglophones, Mecca has long been the

accepted spelling for the Holy City. The word is a transliteration of the

original Arabic, and has become part of the English language.



Where this claim is concerned, the word, Mecca, does not - for instance - mean

sharaab khaana! There are no such meaning/translation in any authentic Arabic,

English or foreign language dictionaries.



The common usage of the word Mecca - or mecca - in English (derived from the

position of Mecca among Muslims) implies 'centre' or 'important meeting point'

or a place to which people of a special group flock, as in "Wimbledon is the

Mecca of Tennis" and Hawaai is "the tourist mecca". Such derived usages in

English are common within the Western culture. For example, the Wisden Cricket

Monthly, Wisden Book of Cricket Law and Wisden Book of Test Cricket are often

called "The Cricket Bible" and Gibbon's is called the "Bible of stamp

collectors" are common similes used. Less used but seen in major writings are

phrases like "The holy grail of drug addicts ..."



The word Mecca now refers to more than just the geographical location (i.e. not

only the Holy City in Saudi Arabia) , and is used to describe any center of

activity sought or converged upon by a group of people with a common interest.

Las Vegas, for example, is sometimes described as 'the Mecca of gambling,' and

'Mecca Bingo' a division of The Rank Group Plc., which Muslims find these

out-of-context uses very offensive. There is no doubt in many minds that the

insensitivity displayed in the naming of the fairly old chain known as Mecca

Dancing Clubs (a very popular series of dance halls that may also house

drinking areas in the UK) was not entirely an act of naive usage of language.



Mecca is also used in the names of two towns in the USA, a soft drink and two

acronyms:



a.. Mecca, California, a town in Riverside County, California, USA.

b.. Mecca, Indiana, a town in Parke County, Indiana, USA.

c.. Mecca-Cola a cola-flavoured carbonated beverage[1]

d.. MECCA is also the acronym for Model Evaluation Consortium for Climate

Assessment and Missile Environment Computer Control Analysis that I know of ...

and there are bound to be others.

__________________________



[1] Mecca-Cola was launched in France, in November 2002, by entrepreneur Tawfik

Mathlouthi, as a means of aiding Palestinians by tapping into demand for

alternative products in European countries. He had been inspired by a similar

Iranian product, Zam Zam Cola, which was already successful in Saudi Arabia and

Bahrain, and in fact only decided to launch his own brand when he was unable to

agree on terms for a distribution contract with Zam Zam. Mecca-Cola in turn

inspired the creation of Qibla Cola in the United Kingdom.

__________________________





If Mecca means "whisky house," why was there no public condemnation from the

Saudi Arabian government when anglophones first started using the word "Mecca"

- for example when the British explorer Sir Richard Burton in 1853 disguised

himself as an Afghan Muslim to visit and write his "Personal Narrative of a

Pilgrimage to Al Madinah and Mecca?" (Whisky house? How utterly absurd!)



However, in an effort to distinguish between the metaphorical and official

references to the holy site, the Saudi Arabian government in the 1980s began

promoting a new transliteration, 'Makkah al-Mukarramah' ( مكة المكرمة), which

is closer to the original Arabic. While this new usage has been officially

adopted by the U.S. Department of State

http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3584.htm, its spread is still incipient among

anglophones at large (i.e. it is not part of the active vocabulary of

English-speakers.)



3. Quote: <<< Many people, whose names start with MUHAMMAD, write in a short

form as "Mohd". This "Mohd" means "A dog which has a big mouth". - unquote. >>>



As for this other concocted description that the short form name "Mohd" for

Muhammad stands for "A dog which has a big mouth" - I could not find any

Islamic information to support this most absurd claim. Surprisingly, nor could

I find any refutation from any of the scholars.



Mohd is a non-word (the combination of letters has no possible base in any of

the Western Romance languages and gives away the inventor's illiteracy). I

think the people (non-Muslims or Muslims, only Allaah Subhaanahu wa Ta`aala

knows best) who 'invented' this definition - or, at least, gave currency to

this via email, to create alarm - is more guilty of 'blasphemy' than those he

or she deceptively accuses. Googling this in dictionaries or thesauri will not

offer up any such word, I assure you. However, with this emailed falsehood

being forwarded around the web by "well-meaning" Muslims, I have no doubt that

this insult to our Prophet sall Allaahu`alayhi wa sallam will become added to

the current usage in many languages. One test would be to google it now (all

across Google, as well as in the dictionary section alone) ... where it'll turn

up nothing ... and in a few months from now, when it will indicate the meaning

given it, in most cases, with reference to the above forwarded message. Years

later, the origin will have been forgotten and another obnoxious word set in

motion to further malign Islam.





These claims are nothing more than a deliberate fundamentalist prank preying

upon bristling Muslim senitivities to further divide the growing chasm proposed

(and engineered, in some ways) by those who created and supported the so-called

'clash of civilization' theories. That this is not considered by the Muslims

who believe in such faked information and copy, paste and forward it here,

there and everywhere used to amaze me ... but nothing about anyone leaning

towards the right path does that any more. Muslims are responsible for checking

and setting things straight - by what they say, read, write and transmit,

inshaa`Allaah.



Please read the following excerpt from an article entitled: "Verification"

http://www.sunnahonline.com/ilm/istiqaamah/nov1996_d.htm:

Quote: Shaykh Saalih al-Fawzaan (hafidahullaah) relates: "Allaah - the

Majestic, the Most High - orders us to verify any news that reaches us

concerning a group or party from amongst the Muslims, when an evil news reaches

us which necessitates fighting or opposing this group. Allaah - the Mighty, the

Most High - orders us not be hasty and rush into this affair, until we have

verified the matter. Allaah - the Most Perfect - says:



"O you who believe! When a wicked person comes to you with some news,

ascertain and verify it, lest you harm someone in ignorance and then afterwards

regret for what you have done." (al-Hujuraat 49:6)



Meaning: If some news reaches you about a group or party from amongst the

people, concerning an action that they have done and which deserves to be

fought against, then do not be hasty about the matter, nor announce war against

them, nor attack them - until you have verified the authenticity of the

report." (Wujoobut-Tathbbat fil-Akhbaari wa Ihtiraamil-`Ulemaa, pp. 22-23)



Imaam Muslim related in the introduction to his Saheeh (no.5):



Aboo Hurayrah (radiyallaahu`anhu) states that the Prophet, Sall Allaahu `alayhi

wa sallam said: "It is enough to render a man a liar that he relates everything

he hears."



Shaykh `Alee Hasan al-Halabee (hafidahullaah) said:



"The daa`ee (caller) must be careful in everything, particularly in regards to

what he hears from people, or what he reads in books. So it is an obligation

upon him to check and verify everything which reaches his ears or eyes, before

spreading it and circulating it amongst the people. His carefulness will be

increased with regards to two cases:



Firstly: When what is being conveyed to him is connected to the Religion and

the Sharee`ah, such as something being quoted as a hadeeth, or a fiqh ruling,

and its like.



Secondly: If someone reports something bad about a person, or an evil word from

someone. He must check its correctness, carefully find out the reality and

what is correct, and not hasten to transmit it and add it to the stream of

news!" (Source: Arba`oon Hadeethan fid-Da`wah wad-Du`aat p. 63) - unquote.



4. Quote: <<< "Guys please forward this message to Muslim brothers & Sisters as

possible." >>> Unquote.



Yes!!! Please forward this message too, so our Muslim brothers and sisters will

know the above facts and be duly informed not to transmit these deliberately

engineered misinformation about Islam and our Prophet sall Allaahu`alayhi wa

sallam, inshaa`Allaah.



"And do not follow (blindly) any information of which you have no direct

knowledge. (Using your faculties of perception and conception, you must verify

it for yourself). In the Court of your Lord, you will be held accountable for

your hearing, sight, and the faculty of reasoning." (Al Israa 17:36 -

interpretation of the meaning)





May Allah Subhaanahu wa Ta`aala strenghten us in our Deen. Aameen.

Source: http://www.mail-archive.com/muslim@yahoogroups.com/msg01847.html

What is the meaning of mohd?

What is the meaning of mohd?

Saturday, August 1, 2009

What they say about Prophet Muhammad Sallallahu Alaihe Wasallam (Peace be upon him) and Islam?

Philosopher, Orator, Apostle, Legislator, Warrior, Conqueror of ideas,
the Restorer of rational beliefs, the Preacher of a religion without
images, the Founder of twenty terrestrial empires and of one heavenly
Empire, that is Muhammad. As regards all standards [I repeat, "ALL"]
by which human greatness may be measured, we may well ask, "Is there
any man greater than he?" [Alphonse Lamartine, French poet]

If greatness of purpose, smallness of means, and astounding results
are the three criteria of human genius, who could dare to compare any
great man in modern history with Muhammad? Mohammad established a
system based upon true and immortal ideology. Is there any like he?
[Alphonse Lamartine]

People like Pasteur and Salk are leaders in the first sense. People
like Gandhi and Confucius, on one hand, and Alexander, Caesar and
Hitler on the other, are leaders in the second and perhaps the third
sense. Jesus and Buddha belong in the third category alone. Perhaps
the greatest leader of all times was Mohammed, who combined all three
functions. To a lesser degree, Moses did the same. [Jules Masserman,
Professor of History]

My choice of Muhammad to lead the list of the world's most influential
persons may surprise some readers and may be questioned by others, but
he was the only man in history who was supremely successful on both
the religious and secular levels. [Michael H. Hart, The 100]

I believe that if a man like Mohammad's caliber were to assume the
dictatorship of the modern world he would succeed in solving its
problems in a way that would bring it the much needed peace and
happiness: I have prophesied about the faith of Muhammad that it would
be acceptable to the Europe of tomorrow as it is beginning to be
acceptable to the Europe of today. [George Bernard Shaw]

I have always held the religion of Muhammad in high estimation because
of its wonderful vitality. It is the only religion which appears to me
to possess that assimilating capacity to the changing phase of
existence which can make itself appeal to every age. I have studied
him - the wonderful man, and in my opinion, he must be called the
Savior of Humanity. [George Bernard Shaw]

He was Caesar and Pope in one; but he was Pop without Pope's
pretensions, Caesar without the legions of Caesar: without a standing
army, without a bodyguard, without a palace, without a fixed revenue;
if ever any man had the right to say that he ruled by the right
divine, it was Mohammad, for he had all the power without its
instruments and without its supports. [Reverend B. Smith]

Mohammad never assigned himself a status more than a common man and a
messenger of God. People had faith in him when he was surrounded by
poverty and adversity and trusted him while he was the ruler of a
great Empire. He was a man of spotless character who always had
confidence in himself and in God's help. No aspect of his life
remained hidden nor was his death a mysterious event. [M.H. Hyndman]

The personality of Muhammad, it is most difficult to get into the
whole truth of it. Only a glimpse of it I can catch. What a dramatic
succession of picturesque scenes! There is Muhammad, the Prophet;
there is Muhammad, the Warrior; Muhammad, the Businessman; Muhammad,
the Statesman; Muhammad, the Orator; Muhammad, the Reformer; Muhammad,
the Refuge of Orphans; Muhammad, the Protector of Slaves; Muhammad,
the Emancipator of Women; Muhammad, the Judge; Muhammad, the Saint.
All in all these magnificent roles, in all these departments of human
activities, he is like a hero. [Prof. K. S. Ramakrishna Rao]

I become more than ever convinced that it was not the sword that won a
place for Islam in those days in the scheme for life. It was the rigid
simplicity, the utter self-effacement of the Prophet, the scrupulous
regard for his pledges, his intense devotion to his friends and
followers, his intrepidity, his fearlessness, his absolute trust in
God and his own mission. These and not the sword, carried everything
before them and surmounted every trouble. [Mahatma Gandhi]

An honest man, as the saying goes, is the noblest work of God,
Mohammad was more than honest. He was human to the marrow of his
bones. Human sympathy, human love was the music of his soul. To serve
man, to elevate man, to purify man, to educate man, in a word to
humanize man - this was the object of his mission, the be-all and end
all of his life. In thought, in word, in action he had the good of
humanity as his sole inspiration, his sole guiding principle. [Prof.
K. S. Ramakrishna Rao]

The supremacy of the East was not only military. Science, philosophy,
poetry, and the arts, all flourished in the Muhammadan world at a time
when Europe was sunk in barbarism. Europeans, with unpardonable
insularity, call this period `the Dark Ages': but it was only in
Europe that it was dark -- indeed only in Christian Europe, for Spain,
which was Muhammadan, had a brilliant culture. [Bertrand Russell]

It was in the Islamic Middle East that Indian numbers were for the
first time incorporated in the inherited body of mathematical
learning. From the Middle East they were transmitted to the West,
where they are still known as Arabic numerals, honoring not those who
invented them but those who first brought them to Europe. To this rich
inheritance scholars and scientists in the Islamic world added an
immensely important contribution through their own observations,
experiments, and ideas. In most of the arts and sciences of
civilization, medieval Europe was a pupil and in a sense a dependent
of the Islamic world, relying on Arabic versions even for many
otherwise unknown Greek works. [Prof. Bernard Lewis]

It must be owned that all the knowledge whether of Physics, Astronomy,
Philosophy or Mathematics, which flourished in Europe from the 10th
century was originally derived from the Arabian schools, and the
Spanish Saracen may be looked upon as the father of European
philosophy. [John Davenport]

It is highly probable that but for the Arabs, modern European
civilization would have never assumed that character which has enabled
it to transcend all previous phases of evolution. For although there
is not a single aspect of human growth in which the decisive influence
of Islamic culture is not traceable, nowhere is it so clear and
momentous as in the genesis of that power which constitutes the
paramount distinctive force of the modern world and the supreme course
of its victory -- natural sciences and the scientific spirit. What we
call sciences arose in Europe as a result of a new spirit of inquiry;
of new methods of investigation, of the method of experiment,
observation, measurement, of the development of Mathematics in a form
unknown to the Greeks. That spirit and those methods were introduced
into the European world by the Arabs. [Robert Briffault]

Mohammad was the greatest Executive Officer for implementation of the
Divine Will. Like other prophets he knew that time will come when all
mankind will become one community. [H.N. Spalding]

If the object of religion be the inculcation of morals, the diminution
of evil, the promotion of human happiness, the expansion of the human
intellect, if the performance of good works will avail in the great
day when mankind shall be summoned to its final reckoning it is
neither irreverent nor unreasonable to admit that Muhammad was indeed
an Apostle of God. [S. P. Scott]

Muhammad adhered meticulously to the charter he forged for Medina,
which - grounded as it was in the Qur'anic injunction, "Let there be
no compulsion in religion" (2:256) - is arguably the first mandate for
religious tolerance in human history. [Huston Smith]

Mohammad introduced the concept of such Glorious and Omnipotent God in
Whose eyes all worldly systems are pieces of straw. Islamic equality
of mankind is no fiction as it is in Christianity. No human mind has
ever thought of such total freedom as established by Mohammad. [Dr.
Mawde Royden]

The Book revealed to Muhammad is one and unique of its kind. It has
left indelible impression on the hearts of humanity. Nothing can
overcome its majesty. The Qura'n has given new dimensions to human
thinking - Surprising reforms, stunning success! [Rev. B. Margoliouth]

Muhammad saved the human civilization from extinction. [J.H. Denison]

He laid the foundation of a universal government. His law was one for
all. Equal justice and love for everyone. [George Rivorie]

Islam is the only religion that gives dignity to the poor. [Ramsey
Clark, Former U.S. Attorney General]

The message of Mohammad, Islam, is nothing but a blessing for mankind
- The usher from darkness to light and from Satan to God. [Rev E.
Stephenson]

In Islam the believer is a worshiper and a soldier ever ready to go to
the battlefield but only for that battle which is waged to eradicate
the evil. [H.N. Spalding]

Mohammad's religion reformed all existing dogmas and brought the Arabs
ahead of the super powers of the time. [Dr. Marcus Dods]

Islam does not set impossible goals. There are no mythological
intricacies in this message. No hidden meanings or secrets and
absolutely no priesthood. [Phillip K. Hitti, American historian and
philosopher]

Kingdom of God on Earth! God's messenger serving as the greatest
proponent of human brotherhood, His viceroy on earth in the form of
Muhammad. [Philip K. Hitti]

Between the middle of the eighth and the beginning of the thirteenth
centuries, as we have noted before, the Arabic-speaking peoples were
the main bearers of the torch of culture and civilization throughout
the world. Moreover they were the medium through which ancient science
and philosophy were recovered, supplemented and transmitted in such a
way as to make possible the renaissance of Western Europe. In all
this, Arabic Spain had a large share. [Philip K. Hitti]

During the almost 1,000 years that science was dormant in Europe, the
Arabs, who by the 9th century had extended their sphere of influence
as far as Spain, became the custodians of science and dominated
biology, as they did other disciplines. [Encyclopaedia Britannica]

Muhammad was the most successful of all religious personalities.
[Encyclopedia Britannica, 4th & 11th editions]

The Message of Mohammad is not a set of metaphysical phenomena. It is
a complete civilization. [W.A.R. Gibb]

The Christian World came to wage crusades against Muslims but
eventually knelt before them to gain knowledge. They were spellbound
to see that Muslims were owners of a culture that was far superior to
their own. The Dark Ages of Europe were illuminated by nothing but the
beacon of Muslim civilization. [F.J.C. Hearushaw]

The power that created in Muslims a ravenous appetite for knowledge
sprung from the Qur'an. [Rev. B. Margoliouth]

The solution to all international conflicts lies only in embracing
Islam en masse because Islam is the only religion that can transcend
nationalism. I see, with great dismay, that nationalism is gaining
grounds even among the bearers of the Qur'an. I will hope for the day
when all humanity will break this idol and unite all as the children
of God. [Arnold J. Toynbey]

Fellow inhabitants of the planet! Search for the ideal Prophet, who in
the 7th century, has shown you the way to total success. [Lewis
Mumford]

All religions, save the word of Muhammad, are broken boats. They
cannot take humanity to the shore of serenity. [Dr. E.B. Hocking]

Mohammad was the soul of kindness, and his influence was felt and
never forgotten by those around him. [Diwan Chand Sharma]

I hope the time is not far off when I shall be able to unite all the
wise and educated men of all the countries and establish a uniform
regime based on the principles of Qur'an which alone are true and
which alone can lead men to happiness. [Napoleon Bonaparte]

The Islamic teachings have left great traditions for equitable and
gentle dealings and behavior, and inspire people with nobility and
tolerance. These are human teachings of the highest order and at the
same time practicable. These teachings brought into existence a
society in which hard-heartedness and collective oppression and
injustice were the least as compared with all other societies
preceding it. Islam is replete with gentleness, courtesy, and
fraternity. [H.G. Wells]

The Creed of Mohammad is free from ambiguity and the Qur'an is a
glorious testimony to the unity of God. [Edward Gibbon, British
historian]

The greatest crime, the greatest `sin' of Mohammad in the eyes of the
Christian West is that he did not allow himself to be slaughtered, to
be `crucified' by his enemies. He only defended himself, his family
and his followers; and finally vanquished his enemies. Mohammad's
success is the Christians' gall of disappointment: He did not believe
in any vicarious sacrifices for the sins of others. [Edward Gibbon]

The towering personality of Muhammad has left bright and indelible
imprints on all mankind. [John William Draper]

The man who of all men exercised the greatest influence upon the human
race--Muhammad. [John William Draper]

Among leaders who have made the greatest impact through ages, I would
consider Muhammad before Jesus Christ. [James Gavin, Speeches of a
U.S. Army General]

Absolutely unique in history, Muhammad is a threefold founder of a
nation, of an empire and of a religion. [Reverend B. Smith]

The noble founder of a nation, an empire and a religion. The
unlettered one bestowed upon the world the Book which is a miracle,
the eternal miracle and the true miracle. [Reverend B. Smith]

In the person of the prophet of Islam we see the rarest phenomenon on
earth walking in flesh and blood i.e. the union of the theorist, the
organizer and the leader in one man. [Prof. K.S. Ramakrishna Rao]

A man of truth and fidelity, true in what he did, in what he speaks
and thought - this is the only sort of speech worth speaking. [Thomas
Carlyle, British author]

The lies that we (Christians) have heaped round this man (Muhammad)
are disgraceful to ourselves only. [Thomas Carlyle]

The word of Mohammad is a voice direct from nature's own heart - all
else is wind in comparison. [Thomas Carlyle]

The sword indeed, but where will you get your sword? Every new
opinion, at its starting is precisely in a minority of one. In one
man's head alone. There it dwells as yet. One man alone of the whole
world believes it, there is one man against all men. That he takes a
sword and try to propagate with that, will do little for him. You must
get your sword! On the whole, a thing will propagate itself as it can.
[Thomas Carlyle]

History makes it clear however, that the legend of fanatical Muslims
sweeping through the world and forcing Islam at the point of the sword
is the most fantastically absurd myth that historians have ever
repeated. [De Lacy O' Leary]

He was the Messenger of the One True God: And never to his life's end
did he forget for a moment who he was! He was one of those happy few
who have attained the supreme joy of making one great truth their very
life-spring. [Stanley Lane Poole]

Mohammad was an enthusiast in the noblest sense. [Stanley Lane Poole]

The Renaissance of Europe did not take place in the 15th century.
Rather, it began when Europe learned from the culture of the Arabs.
The cradle of European awakening is not Italy. It is the Muslim Spain.
[Robert Briffault]

The height of human achievement and glory, Mohammad. [Pringle Kennedy]

Under his influence people became united in one bond which they knew
not, the bond of true monotheism. [L.E. Browne]

Mohammad brought an end to idol worship. He preached Monotheism and
infinite Mercy of God, human brotherhood, care of the orphan,
emancipation of slaves, forbidding of wine. No religion achieved as
much success as Islam did. [Sir William Muir]

The Arabian Prophet Mohammad is the founder of a revolution
unparalleled in history. He founded a political state that will
ultimately embrace the entire planet. The law of that Government will
rest on justice and kindness. His teachings revolve around human
equality, mutual cooperation and universal brotherhood. [Raymond
Lerouge]

Islam is a forceful spiritual energy. Its true meaning will manifest
itself when it will be implemented on a large scale. [Tor Andre]

The Book revealed to Muhammad defines an unalterable guide to
individual and collective lives of people. [Sir Richard Gregory]

Think and ponder! Which person is it who taught mankind the way to
establish the greatest society; the society in which blessings descend
upon every individual? [J.H. Dennison]

The message of Mohammad is flowing toward its noble destination like a
pure, fresh and transparent rivulet. [Johann Goethe]

The critics are blind. They cannot see that the only `sword' Muhammad
wielded was the sword of mercy, compassion, friendship and forgiveness
- the sword that conquers enemies and purifies their hearts. His sword
was sharper than the sword of steel. But the biased critics of Islam
are prejudicial and partisan, who are narrow minded and whose eyes are
covered by a veil of ignorance. They see fire instead of light,
ugliness instead of beauty and evil instead of good. They distort and
present every good quality as a great vice. It reflects their own
depravity. [Pandit Gyanandra Dev Sharma Shastri]

Some people say that Islam was preached by the sword, but we cannot
agree with this view. What is forced on people is soon rejected. Had
Islam been imposed on people through oppression, there would have been
no Islam today. Why? Because the Prophet of Islam had spiritual power,
he loved humanity and he was guided by the ideal of ultimate good. [A
Hindu Editor of Sat Updaish]

In the beginning the Prophet's enemies made life difficult for him and
his followers. So the Prophet asked his followers to leave their homes
and migrate to Medina. He preferred migration to fighting his own
people, but when oppression went beyond the pale of tolerance he took
up his sword in self-defense. Those who believe religion can be spread
by force are fools who neither know the ways of religion nor the ways
of the world. They are proud of this belief because they are a long,
long way away from the Truth. [Sikh Journalist, Nawan Hindustan]

It is impossible for anyone who studies the life and character of the
great Prophet of Arabia, who knows how he taught and how he lived, to
feel anything but reverence for that mighty Prophet, one of the great
messengers of the Supreme. And although in what I put to how I shall
say many things which may be familiar to many, yet I myself feel
whenever I re-read them, a new admiration, a new sense of reverence
for that mighty Arabian teacher. [Dr. Annie Besant]

But do you mean to tell me that the man who in the full flush of
youthful vigor, a young man of four and twenty (24), married a woman
much his senior, and remained faithful to her for six and twenty years
(26), at fifty years of age when the passions are dying married for
lust and sexual passion? Not thus are men's lives to be judged. And
you look at the women whom he married, you will find that by every one
of them an alliance was made for his people, or something was gained
for his followers, or the woman was in sore need of protection. [Dr.
Annie Besant]

No great religious leader has been so maligned as Prophet Mohammed.
Attacked in the past as a heretic, an impostor, or a sensualist, it is
still possible to find him referred to as `the false prophet'. A
modern German writer accuses Prophet Mohammed of sensuality,
surrounding himself with young women. This man was not married until
he was twenty-five years of age, then he and his wife lived in
happiness and fidelity for twenty-four years, until her death when he
was forty-nine. Only between the age of fifty and his death at
sixty-two did Prophet Mohammed take other wives, only one of whom was
a virgin, and most of them were taken for dynastic and political
reasons. Certainly the Prophet's record was better than the head of
the Church of England, Henry VIII. [Geoffrey Parrinder]

His readiness to undergo persecutions for his beliefs, the high moral
character of the men who believed in him and looked up to him as
leader, and the greatness of his ultimate achievement - all argue his
fundamental integrity. To suppose Muhammad an impostor raises more
problems than it solves. Moreover, none of the great figures of
history is so poorly appreciated in the West as Muhammad. [Montgomery
Watt]

Of all the world's greatest men none has been so much maligned as
Muhammad. It is easy to see how this has come about. For centuries
Islam was the great enemy of Christendom, for Christendom was in
direct contact with no other organized states comparable in power to
the Muslims. [Montgomery Watt]

It was the first religion that preached and practiced democracy; for
in the mosque, when the call for prayer is sounded and worshippers are
gathered together, the democracy of Islam is embodied five times a day
when the peasant and king kneel side by side and proclaim: `God Alone
is Great' … I have been struck over and over again by this indivisible
unity of Islam that makes man instinctively a brother. [Sarogini
Naidu]

No other religion in history spread so rapidly as Islam. The West has
widely believed that this surge of religion was made possible by the
sword. But no modern scholar accepts this idea, and the Qur'an is
explicit in the support of the freedom of conscience. In all things
Muhammad was profoundly practical. When his beloved son Ibrahim died,
an eclipse occurred, and rumors of God's personal condolence quickly
arose. Whereupon Muhammad is said to have announced, "An eclipse is a
phenomenon of nature. It is foolish to attribute such things to the
death or birth of a human being." At Muhammad's own death an attempt
was made to deify him, but the man who was to become his
administrative successor killed the hysteria with one of the noblest
speeches in religious history: "If there are any among you who
worshipped Muhammad, he is dead. But if it is God you worshipped, He
lives forever." [James A. Michener]

If ever any man on this earth has found God; if ever any man has
devoted his life for the sake of God with a pure and holy zeal then,
without doubt, and most certainly that man was the Holy Prophet of
Arabia. [Major A. Leonard]

Every honest Jew who knows the history of his people cannot but feel a
deep sense of gratitude to Islam, which has protected the Jews for
fifty generations, while the Christian world persecuted the Jews and
tried many times `by the sword' to get them to abandon their faith.
[Uri Avnery, A Jew]

The teachings of Islam can fail under no circumstances. With all our
systems of culture and civilization, we can not go beyond Islam and,
as a matter of fact, no human mind can go beyond the Qur'an. [Johann
Goethe]

People who worry that nuclear weaponry will one day fall in the hands
of the Arabs, fail to realize that the Islamic bomb has been dropped
already, it fell the day Muhammad was born. [Dr. Joseph Adam Pearson]

The greatest success of Mohammad's life was effected by sheer moral
force without the stroke of a sword. [Edward Gibbon]

The picture of the Muslim soldier advancing with a sword in one hand
and the Qur'an in the other is quite false. [A. S. Tritton]

Islam is a religion that is essentially rationalistic in the widest
sense of this term considered etymologically and historically....the
teachings of the Prophet, the Qur'an has invariably kept its place as
the fundamental starting point, and the dogma of unity of God has
always been proclaimed therein with a grandeur a majesty, an
invariable purity and with a note of sure conviction, which it is hard
to find surpassed outside the pale of Islam....A creed so precise, so
stripped of all theological complexities and consequently so
accessible to the ordinary understanding might be expected to possess
and does indeed possess a marvelous power of winning its way into the
consciences of men. [Edward Montet]

It was the genius of Muhammad, the spirit that he breathed into the
Arabs through the soul of Islam that exalted them. That raised them
out of the lethargy and low level of tribal stagnation up to the high
watermark of national unity and empire. It was in the sublimity of
Muhammad's deism, the simplicity, the sobriety and purity it
inculcated the fidelity of its founder to his own tenets that acted on
their moral and intellectual fiber with all the magnetism of true
inspiration. [Arthur Glyn Leonard]

He was sober and abstemious in his diet and a rigorous observer of
fasts. He indulged in no magnificence of apparel, the ostentation of a
petty mind; neither was his simplicity in dress affected but a result
of real disregard for distinction from so trivial a source. In his
private dealings he was just. He treated friends and strangers, the
rich and poor, the powerful and weak, with equity, and was beloved by
the common people for the affability with which he received them, and
listened to their complaints. [Washington Irving]

The sayings of Muhammad are a treasure of wisdom not only for Muslims
but for all mankind. [Mahatma Gandhi]

The principles of universal brotherhood and doctrine of the equality
of mankind which he proclaimed represents one very great contribution
of Mohammad to the social uplift of humanity. All great religions have
preached the same doctrine but the prophet of Islam had put this
theory into actual practice and its value will be fully recognized,
perhaps centuries hence, when international consciousness being
awakened, racial prejudices may disappear and greater brotherhood of
humanity come into existence. [Prof. K. S. Ramakrishna Rao]

The number of verses in Qur'an inviting close observation of nature
are several times more than those that relate to prayer, fasting,
pilgrimage etc. all put together. The Muslim under its influence began
to observe nature closely and this gives birth to the scientific
spirit of the observation and experiment which was unknown to the
Greeks. [Prof. K. S. Ramakrishna Rao]

The Qur'an says that God has created man to worship him but the word
worship has a connotation of its own. God's worship is not confined to
prayer alone, but every act that is done with the purpose of winning
approval of God and is for the benefit of the humanity comes under its
purview. [Prof. K. S. Ramakrishna Rao]

How often the words came in Qur'an -- Those who believe and do good
works, they alone shall enter paradise. Again and again, not less than
fifty times these words are repeated as if too much stress can not be
laid on them. Contemplation is encouraged but mere contemplation is
not the goal. Those who believe and do nothing can not exist in Islam.
[Prof. K. S. Ramakrishna Rao]

My problem to write this monograph is easier because we are not
generally fed now on that (distorted) kind of history and much time
need not be spent on pointing out our misrepresentations of Islam. The
theory of Islam and sword, for instance, is not heard now in any
quarter worth the name. The principle of Islam, there is no compulsion
in religion, is well known. [Prof. K. S. Ramakrishna Rao]

The sword of Islam is not the sword of steel. I know this by
experience, because the sword of Islam struck deep into my own heart.
It didn't bring death, but it brought a new life; it brought an
awareness and it brought an awakening as to who am I and what am I and
for what am I here? [Ahmed Holt, a convert]

In Islam I found suitable replies to nagging queries arising in my
mind with regard to the theory of creation, status of woman, creation
of universe, etc. The life history of the holy Prophet attracted me
very much and made easy for me to compare with other world leaders and
their philosophies. [Vengatachalam Adiyar, now Abdullah Adiyar]

I have lived under different systems of life and have had the
opportunity of studying various ideologies, but have come to the
conclusion that none is as perfect as Islam. None of the systems has
got a complete code of a noble life, only Islam has it' and that is
why good men embrace it. Islam is not theoretical; it is practical. It
means complete submission to the will of God. [Herbert Hobohm, now
Aman Hobohm]

It will be wrong to judge Islam in the light of the behavior of some
bad Muslims who are always shown on the media. It is like judging a
car as a bad one if the driver in the car is drunk and he bangs it
into the wall. Islam guides all human beings in daily life - in its
spiritual, mental and physical dimensions. But we must find the
sources of these instructions, the Qur'an and the example of the
Prophet. Then we can see the ideal of Islam. [Cat Stevens, now Yusuf
Islam]

Islam appears to me like a perfect work of Architecture. All its parts
are harmoniously conceived to complement and support each other.
Nothing is superfluous and nothing lacking, with the result of an
absolute balance and solid composure. [Leopold Weiss, a Jew; now
Mohammed Asad]

The message of Islam envisaged and brought life to a civilization in
which there was no room for nationalism, no 'vested interests', no
class divisions, no Church, no priesthood, no hereditary nobility; in
fact, no hereditary functions at all. [Mohammed Asad]

For some time now, striving for more and more precision and brevity, I
have tried to put on paper in a systematic way, all philosophical
truths, which in my view, can be ascertained beyond reasonable doubt.
In the course of this effort it dawned on me that the typical attitude
of an agnostic is not an intelligent one; that man simply cannot
escape a decision to believe; that the createdness of what exists
around us is obvious; that Islam undoubtedly finds itself in the
greatest harmony with overall reality. Thus I realize, not without
shock, that step by step, in spite of myself and almost unconsciously,
n feeling and thinking I have grown into a Muslim. Only one last step
remained to be taken: to formalize my conversion. As of today I am a
Muslim. I have arrived. [M. Hoffman, PhD in law, Harvard; now Murad
Hoffman]

Medieval Islam was technologically advanced and open to innovation. It
achieved far higher literacy rates than in contemporary Europe; it
assimilated the legacy of classical Greek civilization to such a
degree that many classical books are now known to us only through
Arabic copies. It invented windmills, trigonometry, lateen sails and
made major advances in metallurgy, mechanical and chemical engineering
and irrigation methods. In the middle-ages the flow of technology was
overwhelmingly from Islam to Europe rather from Europe to Islam. Only
after the 1500's did the net direction of flow begin to reverse.
[Jared Diamond a world renowned UCLA sociologist and physiologist won
the Pulitzer Prize for his book: "Guns, Germs, and Steel."]

It seems to me that Muhammad was a very ordinary man. He could not
read or write. In fact, he was illiterate. We are talking about 1400
years ago. You have someone who was illiterate making profound
pronouncement and statements and are amazingly accurate about
scientific nature. I personally cannot see how this could be mere
chance. There are too many accuracy's and, like Dr. Moore, I have no
difficulty in my mind in concerning that this is a divine inspiration
or revelation which led him to these statements. [Professor T.V.N.
Persaud, Head of the Department of Anatomy, University of Manitoba]

Thinking about many of these questions and thinking where Muhammad
came from, he was after all a Bedouin. I think it is almost impossible
that he could have known about things like the common origin of the
universe, because scientists have only found out within the last few
years with very complicated and advanced technological methods that
this is the case. [Professor Alfred Kroner, a famous geologist]

It has been a great pleasure for me to help clarify statements in the
Qur'an about human development. It is clear to me that these
statements must have come to Muhammad from Allah, because almost all
of this knowledge was not discovered until many centuries later. This
proves to me that Muhammad must have been a messenger of God or Allah.
[Professor Keith Moore, one of the world's prominent scientists of
anatomy and embryology. University of Toronto]

It follows, I think, that not only is there no conflict between
genetics and religion, but in fact religion can guide science by
adding revelation to some traditional scientific approaches. That
there exist statements in the Qur'an shown by science to be valid,
which supports knowledge in the Qur'an having been derived from Allah.
[Professor Joe Leigh Simpson, Obstetrics and Gynecology at the North
Western University in Chicago]

I am impressed that how remarkably some of the ancient writings seem
to correspond to modern and recent Astronomy. There may well have to
be something beyond what we understand as ordinary human experience to
account for the writings that we have seen. [Professor Armstrong,
Scientist works at NASA]

It is difficult to imagine that this type of knowledge was existing at
that time, around 1400 years back. May be some of the things they have
simple idea about, but do describe those things in great detail is
very difficult. So, this is definitely not a simple human knowledge.
[Professor Durga Rao]

No other society has such a record of success in uniting in an
equality of status, of opportunity and Endeavour so many and so varied
races of mankind. The great Muslim communities of Africa, India and
Indonesia, perhaps also the small community in Japan, show that Islam
has still the power to reconcile apparently irreconcilable elements of
race and tradition. If ever the opposition of the great societies of
the East and west is to be replaced by cooperation, the mediation of
Islam is an indispensable condition. [H.A.R. Gibb]

Sense of justice is one of the most wonderful ideals of Islam, because
as I read in the Qur'an I find those dynamic principles of life, not
mystic but practical ethics for the daily conduct of life suited to
the whole world. [Sarojini Naidu]

The doctrine of brotherhood of Islam extends to all human beings, no
matter what color, race or creed. Islam is the only religion which has
been able to realize this doctrine in practice. Muslims wherever on
the world they are well recognize each other as brothers. [R. L.
Mellema, Holland, Anthropologist, Writer and Scholar]

The essential and definite element of my conversion to Islam was the
Qur'an. I began to study it before my conversion with the critical
spirit of a Western intellectual. There are certain verses of this
book, the Qur'an, revealed more than thirteen centuries ago, which
teach exactly the same notions as the most modern scientific
researches do. This definitely converted me. [Ali Selman Benoist,
France, Doctor of Medicine]

I have read the Sacred Scriptures of every religion; nowhere have I
found what I encountered in Islam: perfection. The Holy Qur'an,
compared to any other scripture I have read, is like the Sun compared
to that of a match. I firmly believe that anybody who reads the Word
of Allah with a mind that is not completely closed to Truth, will
become a Muslim. [Saifuddin Dirk Walter Mosig]

from www.turntoislam.com

Saturday, June 27, 2009

How do I stop sinning?

Ibraheem ibn Adham was approached by a man who wanted to stop his
sins. He asked for advice that will help him realize the consequences
of his actions. He was told:

If you want to disobey Allah, you can, in 5 cases:

1- If you want to disobey Allah, then don't eat from His rizq (provision.)
The man said: Then where am I to eat when every provision is from Allah?

Ibraheem said: O such a person! Is it honorable and good to disobey
Allah, and eat from His provision?
The man said: give me the second one.

2- If you want to disobey Allah, then do not live on Allah's property.
The man said: Then where am I to live if not on Allah's property?

Ibraheem said: Is it good then, to eat from His provision, live on His
property, and disobey Him?
The man said: Give me the third one.

3- If you want to disobey Allah, then disobey Him in a place where He
will not see you.
The man said: How am I to do this when He not only sees what others
see, but what is in the hearts?

Ibraheem said: o you such a person, how do you eat from His provision,
live on His property, and disobey Him openly?
The man said: Give me the fourth one.

4- If you want to disobey Allah, when the Angel of Death comes to you,
tell him to come back later, after you repent.
The man said: He will not accept this from me!

Ibraheem said: O you such a person, when you cannot delay death, how
do you expect a savior?
The man said: Give me the fifth.

5- If you want to disobey Allah, then after death comes to you, on the
Day of Judgement, when the Angels of Hell come to drag you into Hell,
refuse to go with them.
The man said: They will not accept that from me!

Ibraheem said: Then how do you expect to be saved?
The man said: Enough! Enough! I seek forgiveness in Allah and make
tawbaah! AstaghfirAllah wa i'tubuu ilayk!

He made sincere tawbaah, and left all his acts of disobedience, and he
died in such a state.

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--
Dr. Mohd. Tariq Salman, MD
Assistant Professor,
Department of Pharmacology,
Era's Lucknow Medical College,
Sarfarazganj, Hardoi Road,
Lucknow.
http://medicalresearch.blogspot.com
http://mtariqsalman.googlepages.com/

Saturday, June 13, 2009

Luqman a.s. Advice to his Son

The Qur'an contains ten precious advices Luqman, a.s.offered his son. Following is the list of this advice offered to Muslim parents, that they may communicate them to their children, family and members of society that they may implement them. If this valuable advise is followed and implemented, then we will all be on the straight Path leading to Paradise . Luqm⮠himself summed up in a few words the way to succeed in this life and on the Day of Judgment.

1. Luqman, a.s.warns his son against the greatest injustice man can do. Allah said that Luqman, a.s.said:

"O my son! Join not in worship others with Allah Verily, joining others in worship with Allah is a great injustice indeed." [31:13]

Luqman, a.s.calls his son: "My Son". To do so catches his son's attention so that he may listen carefully to his father . Then he calls his son's attention to Tawhid. " Shirk," Luqman, a.s.said:" Is a great injustice indeed ".


Therefore, the one who associates others with All⨠in worship does injustice to Allah the owner and Creator of the universe. A great injustice is also done to the Mushrik: he subjects himself to All⨧s anger and eternal punishment in Hell.


2. Luqm⮠reminds his son of the rights of his parents on him,

"and We have enjoined on man to be dutiful and good to his parents.. His mother bore him upon weakness and hardship" [31:14]

He describes hardships mothers face bearing children.

"And his weaning is in two years, give thanks to Me and to your parents. Unto Me is the final destination. " [ 31:14]

Luqm⮠mentions the total dependence of infants on their mothers for two years. Thank All⨬ and then your parents. Is not, then the final destination is to All⨮

"And if they both strive with you to make you join in worship with me others that of which you have no knowledge, then obey them not, but behave with them in the world kindly." [31:15]

Luqm⮠tells his son that if the parents are Mushrik then do not follow their way: All⨧s right comes first by far. Even so. for as long as the live, treat your Mushrik parents with kindness.


3. Luqm⮠then describes some of All⨧s Might.

"O my son! If it be equal to the weight of a grain of mustard seed, and though it be in a rock, or in the Heavens or the earth, All⨠will bring it forth. Verily All⨠is subtle in bringing out that grain, well aware of its place." [31:16]

All⨧s Knowledge is so perfect that the existence of anything, big or small, is acknowledged and controlled by Him. Luqm⮠tries to impress his son reminding him of All⨧s absolute control over His kingdom. Such might and power must not be challenged or ignored by anyone.


4. A great advice to Luqman's son is to establish regular prayer, on time and with the best possible performance,

"O my son! Offer prayer perfectly." [31:17]

Prayer is the direct connection between a Muslim and his Creator. Parents must take great care to teach and call upon their children to establish prayer.


5. Luqm⮠advises his son to "enjoin (people) for good, and forbid from evil." [31:17]
If every Muslim observe this duty, then evil and mischief will have no place in Muslim society.


6. After the useful advice he offered his son, Luqm⮠recommended patience in implementing them, and in all matters of life,

"And bear with patience whatever befalls you. Verily, these are some of the important commandments ordered by All⨠with no exemption." [31:17]

Patience is a righteous act ordered, and rewarded by All⨮


7. Arrogance is an attribute of All⨠alone and not for man.
The Creator and Owner of the universe is the only One who deserves to be Arrogant. All⨠threatens arrogant people with punishment in Hellfire. Luqm⮠said:

"And turn not your face away from men with pride." [31:18]


8. To be moderate is a great attitude anyone can possess,

"Nor walk in insolence through the earth. Verily All⨠likes not each arrogant boaster." [31:18]

All⨠does not like that man is arrogant and proud of themselves.


9. To be moderate in walking and talking is also one of Luqman's advises to his son, "And be moderate (or show no insolence) in walking." [31:19]
Isl⭠offers a code of conduct in every aspect of life. Even the way Muslims walk and talk are regulated. Islam offers guidelines in this regard that will produce the best behavior and generate respect.


10. Luqm⮠reminds his son that being harsh while talking will liken his voice to the braying of a donkey. Shouting does not win hearts, rather, it will offend and alienate people,

"And lower your voice. Verily the harshest of all voices is the voice (braying] of an ass!!" [31:19]

Luqm⮠shows great wisdom in his advice to his son. If Muslims parents take his example, and have their children implement these advises, then by All⨧s permission our Ummah will be successful.

Saturday, May 23, 2009

Pharaoh Ramesses II: his body is preserved !!!

أولاً هذه أقرب صوره التقطت لمومياء فرعون ( رمسيس الثاني ) .

This is the closest picture taken of Pharaoh

Ramesses II

وهذه حكاية فرعون مع فرنسا .....

Here's the story of France with Pharaoh Ramesses

عندما تسلم الرئيس الفرنسي الراحل فرانسوا ميتران زمام الحكم في فرنسا

When Francisco Mitra became the president of France in 1981

عام 1981 طلبت فرنسا من مصر في نهاية الثمانينات استضافة مومياء فرعون

France requested from the Egyptian government to host the mummy of Pharaoh

لإجراء اختبارات وفحوصات أثرية ... فتم نقل جثمان أشهر طاغوت عرفته الأرض

For the purpose of running laboratory and archeological examinations
on the mummy of the most notorious dictator ever lived on earth

.... وهناك عند سلم الطائرة اصطف الرئيس الفرنسي منحنياً هو

Upon arrival, a very royal attendants were there including the French
president himself and all ministers who bowed in honor for the mummy

ووزراؤه وكبار المسؤولين الفرنسيين ليستقبلوا فرعون
وعندما انتهت مراسم الإستقبال الملكي لفرعون على أرض فرنسا .. حُملت

When the ceremony ended, the mummy was carried to a specially-designed
section at the Archeology Centre of France

مومياء الطاغوت بموكب لا يقل حفاوة عن استقباله وتم نقله إلى جناح خاص في
مركز الآثار الفرنسي ليبدأ بعدها أكبر علماء الآثار في فرنسا وأطباء
الجراحة والتشريح دراسة تلك المومياء واكتشاف أسرارها

Were it started to be tested by the greatest French archeological and
anatomical scientists in order to discover more about such a great
mummy

وكان رئيس الجراحين والمسؤول الأول عن دراسة هذه المومياء هو البروفيسور

The scientists were headed by Professor Maurice Bucaille

موريس بوكاي
كان المعالجون مهتمين بترميم المومياء ، بينما كان اهتمام موريس هو
محاولة أن يكتشف كيف مات هذا الملك الفرعوني ،

Scientists were trying to restore the mummy while Professor Maurice
was mainly concerned with how did this mummy die!

وفي ساعة متأخرة من الليل ظهرت النتائج النهائية .. لقد كانت بقايا الملح
العالق في جسده أكبر دليل على أنه مات غريقا ، وأن جثته استخرجت من البحر
بعد غرقه فورا ، ثم اسرعوا بتحنيط جثته لينجو بدنه

The final report of the scientists was released late at night which
states that the remaining salt in the mummy is an overt evidence that
it was drawn in the sea, and the body was rescued very shortly where
it was immediately embalmed to be saved

لكن أمراً غريباً مازال يحيره وهو كيف بقيت هذه الجثة أكثر سلامة من
غيرها رغم أنها استُخرجت من البحر !

An amazing thing was still confusing Professor Maurice is that how
could this body possibly be safer than any other mummy despite being
taken out of the sea up until this time

 كان موريس بوكاي يعد تقريراً
نهائيا عما كان يعتقده اكتشافاً جديداً في انتشال جثة فرعون من البحر

Professor Maurice was writing his final report on what he thought
would be a new discovery about saving Pharaoh's body immediately after
his death and embalming it

وتحنيطها بعد غرقه مباشرة ، حتى همس أحدهم في أذنه قائلا : لا تتعجل ....
فإن المسلمين يتحدثون عن غرق هذه المومياء

And there, someone whispered to him that Muslims claim to know
something about the drowning of this mummy

ولكنه استنكر بشدة هذا الخبر واستغربه ، فمثل هذا الإكتشاف لا يمكن
معرفته إلا بتطور العلم الحديث وعبر أجهزة حاسوبية حديثة بالغة الدقة

Yet the Professor firmly denied such thing saying that it's impossible
to discover this without the development of science and without using
his high-tech and complicated laboratories   and computers

، فقال له أحدهم إن قرآنهم الذي يؤمنون به يروي قصة عن غرقه وعن سلامة
جثته بعد الغرق ، فازداد ذهولا وأخذ يتساءل .. كيف هذا وهذه المومياء
لم تُكتشف إلا في عام 1898 ، أي قبل مائتي عام تقريبا ، بينما قرآنهم
موجود قبل أكثر من ألف وأربعمائة عام؟ وكيف يستقيم في العقل هذا ،
والبشرية جمعاء وليس العرب فقط لم يكونوا يعلمون شيئا عن قيام قدماء
المصريين بتحنيط جثث الفراعنة إلا قبل عقود قليلة من الزمان فقط؟

To his surprise, he was told that Muslims believe in a book called
"Quran" and this Quran narrates the story of Pharaoh's drowning and
ensures the safety of his body after his death as to be a Sign to
mankind. The Professor couldn't believe his own ears and started to
wonder:

How can a book existed 1400 years ago speak about the mummy that was
only found 200 years ago, in 1898??!!

How can that be possible while the ancient Egyptian heritage was
discovered only a few decades ago and no one knew about it before??!!

جلس موريس بوكاي ليلته محدقا بجثمان فرعون يفكر بإمعان عما همس به
صاحبه له من أن قرآن المسلمين يتحدث عن نجاة هذه الجثة بعد الغرق ..
بينما كتابهم المقدس يتحدث عن غرق فرعون أثناء مطاردته لسيدنا موسى
عليه السلام دون أن يتعرض لمصير جثمانه .. وأخذ يقول في نفسه : هل

The Professor sat down pondering on what he was told

about the book of Muslims while his Holy Book narrates only the
drowning of Pharaoh without saying anything about his body

يُعقل أن يكون هذا المحنط أمامي هو فرعون الذي كان يطارد موسى؟ وهل
يعقل أن يعرف محمدهم هذا قبل أكثر من ألف عام؟

"Is it possible that this mummy in front of me is the one who was
chasing Moses??!!"

"Is it possible that Muhammad knew this 1400 years ago??!!"

لم يستطع موريس أن ينام ، وطلب أن يأتوا له بالتوراة ، فأخذ يقرأ في
التوراة قوله : فرجع الماء وغطى مركبات وفرسان جميع جيش فرعون الذي
دخل وراءهم في البحر لم يبق منهم ولا واحد .. وبقي موريس بوكاي حائراً
فحتى الإنجيل لم يتحدث عن نجاة هذه الجثة وبقائها سليمة

The Professor couldn't sleep that night till they brought him the Old
Testament where he read: "the sea drowned Pharaoh and his army, no one
else was left alive" He was surprised that the Holy Book didn't
mention about the destiny of the body and that it will be saved

بعد أن تمت معالجة جثمان فرعون وترميمه أعادت فرنسا لمصر المومياء ،
ولكن موريس لم يهنأ له قرار ولم يهدأ له بال منذ أن هزه الخبر الذي
يتناقله المسلمون عن سلامة هذه الجثة ، فحزم أمتعته وقرر السفر لبلاد
المسلمين لمقابلة عدد من علماء التشريح المسلمين
وهناك كان أول حديث تحدثه معهم عما اكشتفه من نجاة جثة فرعون بعد

When the scientists were done with the mummy, France retuned it to
Egypt, but Professor Maurice couldn't rest for a moment since he was
told that Muslims know about the safety of the body. So, he decided to
travel and meet anatomy Muslim scientists and there he spoke about his
discovery of the safety of the mummy after its death in the sea and so
on.

الغرق ... فقام أحدهم وفتح له المصحف وأخذ يقرأ له
قوله تعالى : (فاليوم ننجيك ببدنك لتكون لمن خلفك آية .. وإن كثيرا من
الناس عن آياتنا لغافلون).

سورة يونس: آية 92.

لقد كان وقع الآية عليه شديدا .. ورجت له نفسه رجة جعلته يقف أمام
الحضور ويصرخ بأعلى صوته : لقد دخلت الإسلام وآمنت بهذا القرآن
رجع موريس بوكاي إلى فرنسا بغير الوجه الذى ذهب به .. وهناك مكث عشر

One of the Muslim scientists stood up and simply opened the Quran and
pointed to the Professor at one verse:

"This day shall We save you in your body, that you may be a Sign to
those who come after you! But verily, many among mankind are
neglectful of Our Signs"

(Quran 10:92)

The Professor was struck when he read that and immediately stood in
front of the crowd and said loudly: "I believe in Islam, I believe in
Quran"

Then he went back to France with a different face he traveled with.

سنوات ليس لديه شغل يشغله سوى دراسة مدى تطابق الحقائق العلمية
والمكتشفة حديثا مع القرآن الكريم ، والبحث عن تناقض علمي واحد مما
يتحدث به القرآن ليخرج بعدها بنتيجة قوله تعالى : لا يأتيه الباطل من
بين يديه ولا من خلفه تنزيل من حكيم حميد

In France, he dedicated 10 years investigating the scientific
discoveries and comparing them with the Quran and trying to come up
with one scientific contradiction with the Quran. Finally he quoted
one verse from the Quran to be his conclusion:

"No falsehood can approach it (this book) from before or behind it: it
is sent down by One Full of Wisdom, Worthy of all praise"

(Quran 41:42)

كان من ثمرة هذه السنوات التي قضاها الفرنسي موريس أن خرج بتأليف كتاب
عن القرآن الكريم هز الدول الغربية قاطبة ورج علماءها رجا ، لقد كان
عنوان الكتاب : القرآن والتوراة والإنجيل والعلم .. دراسة الكتب
المقدسة في ضوء المعارف الحديثة

As a result of all years of his research, Professor Maurice wrote a
book that shook all Europe, especially the scientists there

"Quran, Torah, Bible and Science:

A Study of the Holy Books in the Light of Modern Science"

من أول طبعة له نفد
All copies were sold out at a very short time

سبق وأن زرت بنفسي المتحف الفرعوني في القاهرة ودهشت  حقيقة من توافد
الأولوف من السياح من جميع أقطار المعمورة لمشاهدة المومياء، ولكن مع
الأسف كثير منهم يجهلون حقيقة الدرس الذي من اجله حفظ الله تعالى جسد
فرعون وهو إنذار كل من يكذب الله تعالى ورسله صلوات الله عليهم

If you personally visited the Cairo Museum where the mummy is
preserved you get astonished at the scenery of thousands of people
from all over the world visiting the place everyday , unfortunately,
many of the tourists there would think: "Woow, look at that! Amazing!!
So nice to see people of all times!! Without realizing the intended
lesson that Allah has kept this body a Sign to all mankind of anyone
who denies Allah and His messengers.

In another chapter in the Quran:

"When Moses came to them with Our clear Signs, they said: This is
nothing but sorcery faked up: never did we hear the like among our
fathers of old!

Moses said: "My Lord knows best who it is that comes with guidance
from Him and whose end will be best in the Hereafter: certain it is
that the wrong-doers will not prosper.

"Pharaoh said: "O Chiefs! No god do I know for you but myself:
therefore, O Haman! Light me a (kiln to bake bricks) out of clay, and
build me a lofty palace, that I may mount up to the god of Moses: but
as far as I am concerned, I think (Moses) is a lair!"

And he was arrogant and insolent in the land, beyond reason, - he and
his hosts: they thought they would not have to return to Us!

So We seized his and his hosts, and We flung them into the sea: now
behold what was the end of those who did wrong!

And We made them (but) leaders inviting to the Fire; and on the Day of
Judgment no help shall they find.

In this world We made a curse to follow them: and on the Day of
Judgment they will be among the loathed (and despised)."

(Quran 28: 36-42)

So now,

"Has not the time arrived for the Believers that their hearts in all
humility should engage in the remembrance of Allah and the Truth which
has been revealed to them, and that they should not become like those
to whom was given Revelation aforetime, but long ages passed over them
and their hearts grew hard? For many among them are rebellious
transgressors.

Know you (all) that Allah gives life to the earth after its death!
Already have We shown the Signs plainly to you, that you may learn
wisdom.

For those who give in charity, men and women, and loan to Allah a
Beatiful Loan, it shall be increased manifold (to their credits), and
they shall have (besides) a liberal reward.

And those who believe in Allah and His messengers- they are the
Sincere (lovers of Truth), and the Witnesses (who testify), in the
eyes of their Lord: they shall have their Reward and their Light.

But those who reject Allah and deny Our Signs,- they are the
companions of Hell-Fire "

Quran 57: 16-19

""

Do not read to contradict and refute,
nor to believe and take it for granted,
but to weigh and consider
SHAHID
________________________________
Explore and discover exciting holidays and getaways with Yahoo! India
Travel Click here!
________________________________
Get easy photo sharing with Windows Live™ Photos. Drag n' drop


--
Dr. Mohd. Tariq Salman, MD
Assistant Professor,
Department of Pharmacology,
Era's Lucknow Medical College,
Sarfarazganj, Hardoi Road,
Lucknow.
http://medicalresearch.blogspot.com
http://mtariqsalman.googlepages.com/

Friday, April 3, 2009

Origin of April Fools Day ??

This is a follow-up of the last post about April-fool's day.
Summary:
A discussion of theories about the origin of April Fool’s Day.

Introduction

In 1708 a correspondent wrote in to the British Apollo magazine to ask, “Whence proceeds the custom of making April Fools?” The question is one that many people are still asking today.

The puzzle that April Fool’s Day presents to cultural historians is that it was only during the eighteenth century that detailed references to it (and curiosity about it) began to appear. But at that time, the custom was already well established throughout northern Europe and was regarded as being of great antiquity. How had the tradition been adopted by so many different European cultures without provoking more comments in the written record?

References to April Fool’s Day can be found as early as the 1500s. However, these early references were infrequent and tended to be vague and ambiguous. Shakespeare, writing in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, made no mention of April Fool’s Day, despite being, as Charles Dickens Jr. put it, a writer who “delights in fools in general.”

Many theories have been put forward about how the tradition began. Unfortunately, none of them are very compelling. So the origin of the “custom of making April Fools” remains as much a mystery to us as it was back in 1708.

The Calendar-Change Theory


A French “April Fish” postcard.
The most popular theory about the origin of April Fool’s Day involves the French calendar reform of the sixteenth century.

The theory goes like this: In 1564 France reformed its calendar, moving the start of the year from the end of March to January 1. Those who failed to keep up with the change, who stubbornly clung to the old calendar system and continued to celebrate the New Year during the week that fell between March 25th and April 1st, had jokes played on them. Pranksters would surreptitiously stick paper fish to their backs. The victims of this prank were thus called Poisson d’Avril, or April Fish—which, to this day, remains the French term for April Fools—and so the tradition was born.

The calendar-change hypothesis seems, on the surface, like a logical explanation for the origin of April Fools. However, the hypothesis becomes less plausible if we examine the history of calendar reform in more detail.

The Julian Calendar

The Julian Calendar, established by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, made January 1 the first day of the year. But as Christianity spread throughout Europe, efforts were made to christianize the calendar by moving New Year’s Day to dates of greater theological significance, such as Christmas or Easter. Some countries continued to use January 1, justifying this as the date of Christ’s circumcision. As a consequence, by the 1500s the European calendar system was a mess. Not only had errors in the Julian calendar caused the solar year to diverge from the calendar year, but also countries were beginning the year on different dates.

Most regions in France had been using Easter as the start of the year since at least the fourteenth century. This caused particular confusion since the date of Easter was tied to the lunar cycle and changed from one year to the next. Sometimes the same date would occur twice in a year.

However, the French used Easter as the start of the year primarily for legal and administrative purposes. January 1, following the Roman custom, was widely regarded as the traditional start of the year, and it was the day when people exchanged gifts.

Sixteenth-Century Reform

The practice of starting the year on Easter Day caused enormous practical inconvenience, so around 1500 many people in France began to use January 1 as the start of the calendar year. For instance, in early sixteenth-century French books, it is common to see both forms of dating listed side-by-side (for titles published in January, February, or March). By the mid-sixteenth century, a calendar system beginning on January 1 was in wide use in France.

In 1563 King Charles IX decreed January 1 to be the first day of the year, thus aligning legal convention with what had become the popular practice. His edict was passed into law by the French Parliament on Dec. 22, 1564.

Eighteen years later, in 1582, Pope Gregory issued a papal bull decreeing sweeping calendar reform. The Gregorian reform included moving the start of the year to January 1, as well as creating a leap-year system and eliminating ten days from the month of October 1582 in order to correct the drift of the calendar. The Pope had no formal power to make governments accept this reform, but he urged Christian nations to do so. France immediately accepted the reform, although it had already changed the start of the year in 1564. (Many histories of April Fool’s Day mistakenly suggest that France only moved the start of the year in 1582 when it accepted the Gregorian calendar reform in its entirety.)

With this history in mind, it becomes clear that the calendar-change hypothesis is a problematic explanation for the origin of April Fool’s Day. The switch to January 1 did not occur suddenly in France. It was a gradual process, spanning an entire century. And even before the switch, the French New Year had no obvious connection to April 1st.

British Calendar Change

The calendar-change hypothesis is more plausible if applied to Britain, because it was the British, not the French, who observed New Year’s Day on March 25 (the date of the christian Feast of Annunciation), followed by a week of festivities culminating on April 1. In fact, the earliest version of the calendar-change hypothesis to be found in print, dating from 1766, does place the argument in a British context. A correspondent to the Gentleman’s Magazine in April 1766 wrote:

“The strange custom prevalent throughout this kingdom, of people making fools of one another upon the first of April, arose from the year formerly beginning, as to some purpose, and in some respects, on the twenty-fifth of March, which was supposed to be the incarnation of our Lord; it being customary with the Romans, as well as with us, to hold a festival, attended by an octave, at the commencement of the new year—which festival lasted for eight days, whereof the first and last were the principal; therefore the first of April is the octave of the twenty-fifth of March, and, consequently, the close or ending of the feast, which was both the festival of the Annunciation and the beginning of the new year.”

Britain only changed the start of its calendar year to January 1 in 1752. By this time April Fool’s Day was already a well-established tradition. So confusion about the calendar change could not have been responsible for the origin of the custom in Britain. But it is possible, as the correspondent to Gentleman’s Magazine speculated, that the festival held on April 1 (the “octave” of the March 25th calendar year change) evolved into April Fool’s Day. However, this is pure speculation, undermined by the lack of any other compelling evidence that the custom originated in Britain. The earliest unambiguous references to April Fool’s Day actually come from continental Europe, suggesting it is there that April Fool’s Day began.

Early References

Pre-eighteenth century references to April Fool’s Day provide clues about where the custom originated. Unfortunately, many of these references are ambiguous, and their significance is difficult to determine.

1392: Chaucer

What is possibly the first reference to April Fool’s Day can be found in the work of Chaucer. Unfortunately, the reference is so ambiguous as to be worthless as historical evidence.

In the Nun’s Priest’s Tale (written around 1392), Chaucer tells the story of the vain cock Chauntecler who falls for the tricks of a fox, and as a consequence is almost eaten. The narrator describes the tale as occurring:

When that the monthe in which the world bigan
That highte March, whan God first maked man,
Was complet, and passed were also
Syn March bigan thritty dayes and two

This passage has caused enormous confusion among Chaucer scholars, since it appears to be self-contradictory. Does it mean the events occur thirty-two days (“thritty dayes and two”) after March “was complet” (i.e. May 3), or thirty-two days “Syn March bigan” (since March began), i.e. April 1? If the latter interpretation is correct, the tale takes place on April Fool’s Day, which seems appropriate for a story of a foolish cock and sly fox. Could Chaucer have chosen this date purposefully, setting the tale on April 1st because of the tradition of tricks and foolery associated with the day?

Most editors of Chaucer don’t think so. The most popular interpretation of this passage is that Chaucer meant May 3, so editors often change the text to read “Syn March [was gon]”. However, the historian Peter Travis has argued that Chaucer did not intend to provide a precise date at all, but was instead purposefully using confusing language in order to parody the language of Medieval philosophy.

Whatever Chaucer may have meant, we can’t conclude, based on these few lines, that he was aware of a custom of playing pranks on April 1st.

1508: Eloy d’Amerval

The next possible reference to April Fool’s Day we find is in a 1508 poem written by Eloy d’Amerval, a French choirmaster and composer. The poem is titled Le livre de la deablerie. According to Wikipedia, it consists of “a dialogue between Satan and Lucifer, in which their nefarious plotting of future evil deeds is interrupted periodically by the author, who among other accounts of earthly and divine virtue, records useful information on contemporary musical practice.”

The poem would only be of interest to historians of music, except that it includes the line, “maquereau infâme de maint homme et de mainte femme, poisson d’avril.”

The phrase “poisson d’avril” (April Fish) is the French term for an April Fool, but it is unclear whether d’Amerval’s use of the term referred to April 1st specifically. He might have intended the phrase simply to mean a foolish person.

1539: Eduard de Dene

The Flemish writer Eduard De Dene published a comical poem in 1539 about a nobleman who hatches a plan to send his servant back and forth on absurd errands on April 1st, supposedly to help prepare for a wedding feast. The servant recognizes that what’s being done to him is an April 1st joke. The poem is titled “Refereyn vp verzendekens dach / Twelck den eersten April te zyne plach.” This is late medieval Dutch meaning (roughly) “Refrain on errand-day / which is the first of April.” In the closing line of each stanza, the servant says, “I am afraid… that you are trying to make me run a fool’s errand.” (Thanks to Marco Langbroek for the Dutch translation.)

At last, what we have here is a fairly clear reference to a custom of playing practical jokes on April 1st. So we can say that April Fool’s Day dates back at least to the sixteenth century. Because of this reference (and the other, vague French reference), historians believe that April Fool’s Day must have originated in continental northern Europe and then spread to Britain.

1632: Escape of the Duke of Lorraine

According to legend, the Duke of Lorraine and his wife were imprisoned at Nantes. They escaped on April 1, 1632 by disguising themselves as peasants and walking through the front gate. Someone noticed them escaping and told the guards. But the guards believed the warning to be a “poisson d’Avril” (or April Fool’s Day joke) and laughed at it, thus allowing the Duke and his wife to escape.

It is not known if any part of this legend is true.

1686: John Aubrey

The English antiquarian John Aubrey collected many notes about popular customs and superstitions, as research for a contemplated work to be titled, Remains of Gentilism and Judaism. In 1686 he wrote, “Fooles holy day. We observe it on ye first of April. And so it is kept in Germany everywhere.” The collected notes were published posthumously.

So by the late seventeenth century, April Fool’s Day had definitely spread to Britain.

1698: Washing the Lions

The April 2, 1698 edition of Dawks’s News-Letter (a British newspaper) reported that “Yesterday being the first of April, several persons were sent to the Tower Ditch to see the Lions washed.” Sending gullible victims to the Tower of London to see the “washing of the lions” (a non-existent ceremony) was a popular prank. It became traditional for this prank to be played on April Fool’s Day. Examples of it occur as late as the mid-nineteenth century. For more about the history of this prank, see the article: Washing the Lions.

In the eighteenth century written references to April Fool’s Day became numerous and appeared throughout Europe.

Renewal Festivals

Almost every culture in the world has some kind of festival in the first months of the year to celebrate the end of winter and the return of spring. Anthropologists call these “renewal festivals.” Often they involve ritualized forms of mayhem and misrule. The wearing of disguises is common. People play pranks on friends and strangers. The social order is temporarily inverted. Servants might get to order around masters, or children challenge the authority of parents and teachers. However, the disorder is always bounded within a strict timeframe, and tensions are defused with laughter and comedy. The social order is symbolically challenged, but then restored, reaffirming the stability of the society, just as the cold months of winter temporarily challenge biological life, and yet the cycle of life continues, returning with the spring.

April Fool’s Day has all the characteristics of a renewal festival. For one day forms of behavior that are normally not allowed (lying, deception, playing pranks) become acceptable, and yet the disorder is bounded within a strict timeframe. Traditionally, no pranks are supposed to be played after 12 o’clock noon of the first. Social hierarchies and tensions are exposed, but hostility is defused with laughter.

For as long as people have been speculating about April Fool’s Day, they have noticed the similarities between it and other springtime “renewal” festivals. Many historians have theorized that April Fool’s Day evolved directly out of some such festival practiced in ancient times. A direct connection between April Fool’s Day and any of the Roman-era festivals seems unlikely, though it is quite possible that the tradition evolved out of a medieval festival held around the time of the Vernal equinox (such as the New Year’s festivals at the end of March, as discussed above). Nevertheless, there is no agreement about which festival the tradition of April Foolery developed out of. Below is a list of some of the festivals that have most frequently been suggested as its forerunners.

The Saturnalia


The Saturnalia, by Antoine-François Callet
The Saturnalia was a Roman winter festival observed at the end of December. It involved dancing, drinking, and general merrymaking. People exchanged gifts, slaves were allowed to pretend that they ruled their masters, and a mock king, the Saturnalicius princeps (or Lord of Misrule), reigned for the day. By the fourth century AD the Saturnalia had transformed into a January 1 New Year’s Day celebration, and many of its traditions were incorporated into the observance of Christmas.

Hilaria

In late March the Romans honored the resurrection of Attis, son of the Great Mother Cybele, with the Hilaria celebration. This involved rejoicing and the donning of disguises.

Holi

Further afield in India, there was Holi, known as the festival of color, during which street celebrants threw colored powder and water at each other. This holiday was held on the full-moon day of the Hindu month of Phalguna (usually the end of February or the beginning of March).

Festival of Lud

Northern Europeans observed an ancient festival to honor Lud, a Celtic god of humor. There were also popular Northern European customs that made sport of the hierarchy of the Druids.

Feast of Fools

The medieval Festus Fatuorum (Feast of Fools) evolved out of the Saturnalia. On this day celebrants elected a Lord of Misrule and parodied church rituals, often in extremely blasphemous ways. The Church condemned the custom, but had little luck eradicating it despite frequent decrees forbidding it. It endured from the fifth century until the sixteenth century.

Regional British Festivals

Some festivals practiced in regions of Britain during the Middle Ages have similarities to April Fool’s Day. Hoke-Tide (or Hock-Tide) was celebrated around Easter. Men and women would stop strangers of the opposite sex on the roads and tie them up, only untying them in return for money, which was to be used for a pious purpose. Various rowdy games would also be played. Shig-Shag (or Shick-Shack) Day was observed on May 20. Celebrants placed sprigs of apple oak in their hats or lapels. This was supposedly done to demonstrate loyalty to the monarchy, since Charles II was said to have hidden in an Oak Apple tree to escape the forces of Cromwell. However, the tradition probably had roots in pagan tree-worship customs. Anyone not wearing the oak might be accosted and mocked, but only until noon. After noon the obligation to “have shig-shag” ceased.

Mythological Origins

Scholars in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, suspecting April Fool’s Day to be of great antiquity, occasionally tried to locate its origins in ancient mythology. Such theories never found wide acceptance, but they’re included here since they were so often raised in discussions of April Fool’s Day.

Roman Mythology

In Roman mythology Pluto, the God of the Dead, abducted Proserpina and brought her to live with him in the underworld. Proserpina called out to her mother Ceres (the Goddess of grain and the harvest) for help, but Ceres, who could only hear the echo of her daughter’s voice, searched in vain for Proserpina. Some scholars theorized that the fruitless search of Ceres for her daughter (commemmorated during the Roman festival of Cerealia) was the mythological antecedent of the fool’s errands popular on April 1st.

Christian Mythology

It was once popular to christianize April Fool’s Day by locating its origin in Biblical traditions. For instance, the tradition was attributed to Noah’s mistake of sending a dove out from the ark before the flood waters had subsided (thereby sending the dove on a fool’s errand). A second story suggests that the day commemorates the time when Jesus was sent from Pilate to Herod and back again. The phrase “Sending a man from Pilate to Herod” (an old term for sending someone on a fool’s errand) was often pointed to as proof of this origin theory.

National Origin Theories

There are theories of the origin of April Fool’s Day specific to Great Britain, Germany, the Netherlands, and France. None of these theories offers a compelling explanation of the day’s origin. However, it is a sign of the cross-cultural nature of the tradition that four different countries should attempt to take credit for it.

France

The French origin theory (the calendar-change hypothesis) was discussed above. It alleges that the custom originated when King Charles IX reformed the calendar, moving the start of the year from April 1 to January 1. People who continued to celebrate New Years on April 1 were mocked and had pranks played on them, thus initiating the custom of April 1st foolery. This has become, worldwide, the most popular theory of the origin of April Fool’s Day, despite its flaws.

The French also have a theory that traces the origin of the custom back to the abundance of fish to be found in French streams and rivers during early April when the young fish had just hatched. These young fish were easy to fool with a hook and lure. Therefore, the French called them ‘Poisson d’Avril’ or ‘April Fish.’ Soon it became customary (according to this theory) to fool people on April 1, as a way of celebrating the abundance of foolish fish. The French still use the term ‘Poisson d’Avril’ to describe April Fool’s Day pranks. They also observe the custom of giving each other chocolate fish on April 1.

Great Britain


In this 1630 woodcut, a citizen of Gotham is shown trying to trap a bird inside a roofless fence.
British folklore links April Fool’s Day to the town of Gotham, the legendary town of fools located in Nottinghamshire. According to the legend, it was traditional in the 13th century for any road that the King placed his foot upon to become public property. So when the citizens of Gotham heard that King John planned to travel through their town, they refused him entry, not wishing to lose their main road. When the King heard this, he sent soldiers to the town. But when the soldiers arrived in Gotham, they found the town full of lunatics engaged in foolish activities such as drowning fish or attempting to cage birds in roofless fences. Their foolery was all an act, but the King fell for the ruse and declared the town too foolish to warrant punishment. Ever since then, according to legend, April Fool’s Day has commemmorated their trickery.

Germany

On April 1, 1530 a meeting of lawmakers was supposed to occur in Augsburg in order to consider various financial matters. Because of time considerations, the meeting did not take place. But numerous speculators, who had bet on the meeting occurring, lost their money and were ridiculed. This is said to have been the origin of the tradition of playing pranks on April 1.

The Netherlands

On April 1, 1572 Dutch rebels captured the town of Den Briel from Spanish troops led by Lord Alva. This military success eventually led to the independence of the Netherlands from Spain. A Dutch rhyme goes: “Op 1 april / Verloor Alva zijn Bril.” This translates to: “On April 1st / Alva lost his ‘glasses’”. “Bril” means glasses in Dutch, but is also a pun on the name of the town, Den Briel. It is claimed that the tradition of pranks on April 1st arose to commemorate the victory in Den Briel and humiliation of the Spanish commander.

References

  • Jane M. Hatch (ed.). The American Book of Days. New York, 1978. p: 314-316.
  • Hennig Cohen and Tristam Potter Coffin (eds.). The Folklore of American Holidays. Gale, 1999. p: 191-193.
  • Walsh, William. (1898). “April Fool Day, or All Fools’ Day.” in Curiosities of Popular Customs. J.B. Lippincott Company. Philadelphia: 58-62.
  • “Calendar.” (2001). Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. p.223.
  • Martin, Denis-Constant. (Nov. 2001). “Politics Behind The Mask: Studying Contemporary Carnivals in Political Perspective, Theoretical and Methodological Suggestions.” Research in question. No. 2.
  • Burton, William B. (April 1840). “The First of April.” Burton’s Gentleman’s Magazine and American Monthly Review. Philadelphia.
  • Roberts, Peter. (1815). “April Day.” in The Cambrian Popular Antiquities. E. Williams, London: 113-117.
  • Travis, Peter. (1997). “Chaucer’s Chronographiae, the Confounded Reader, and Fourteenth-Century Measurements of Time.” in Constructions of Time in the Late Middle Ages. Poster, C. & Utz, R.J. (eds.) Northwestern University Press: 1-34.
  • Aubrey, J. (1686). Remains of Gentilisme and Judaisme.
  • Meder, Theo. “Een bloemlezing uit de Volksverhalenbank.” PDF File.
  • Favrod, Justin & Morerod, Jean-Daniel. “D-1er Avril: Poissons et Calembours.”
  • Tilley, Arthur. (1904). “Appendix D: On the beginning of the year in France between 1515 and 1565.” in The Literature of the French Renaissance. Cambridge University Press.

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